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Therapeutic Peptide Chemical Synthesis

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Chemical synthesis is the main technology for efficiently and rapidly synthesizing peptides with specific amino acid sequences. CD Formulation provides reliable custom peptide synthesis services using traditional solid-phase synthesis and liquid-phase synthesis techniques as well as state-of-the-art microwave technology.

About Therapeutic Peptide Chemical Synthesis

Peptide pharmaceutical chemical synthesis unfolds with a fascinating intricacy, often initiated by the strategic amalgamation of the carboxyl group from a singular amino acid to the N-terminus of an elongating peptide chain. Yet, despite the diversity in techniques, an underlying rhythm prevails. Each method adheres to a systematic choreography, painstakingly adding amino acids to the peptide chain in measured, one-at-a-time increments.

Fig. 1 Solid-phase peptide synthesis. Fig. 1 Generalized approach to solid-phase peptide synthesis. (Fields GB, et al., 2002)

Explore Our Therapeutic Peptide Chemical Synthesis Services

Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS)

The principle of SPPS is to gradually extend the peptide chain by condensation reaction from the C-terminus to the N-terminus. We can screen the best SPPS method according to your needs and target peptide characteristics.

Fmoc Method	Boc Method
The Fmoc method has the advantages of mild reaction conditions, high yields, and few side reactions. The technology cleaves under moderately alkaline conditions but remains stable under acidic conditions. This allows the use of unstable weakly acidic protecting groups such as Boc and benzyl on the side chains of amino acid residues in the target peptide. Our team provides a mild deprotection protocol using the Fmoc method, which involves a base (usually piperidine in DMF) to remove the Fmoc group and expose the α-amino group so that it can react with incoming active amino acids.	Compared with the Fmoc method, the Boc method often uses strong acids (such as hydrofluoric acid or trifluoroacetic acid) in the deprotection step, which may not be ideal for acid-sensitive groups that need to be kept in the synthesis. However, in some cases, it can be easier to protect amino acids with specific side chains, especially those fragile protecting groups that are not easily hydrolyzed under strong acidic conditions. In addition, for some amino acids that are not resistant to alkaline conditions, the Boc method provides an alternative.

Liquid Phase Peptide Synthesis (LPPS)

LPPS is characterized by its strong reaction specificity, which avoids the protection of substrate side chains and the formation of product racemates. Our peptide experts use LPPS for the large-scale production of small peptides, such as dipeptides or tripeptides.

Stepwise Synthesis Method	Fragment Combination Method	Amino Acid N-Carboxyanhydride (NCA) Method
This technique, a paradigm of simplicity and speed, has become our go-to strategy for fabricating a diverse array of bioactive peptide fragments.	We harness this approach as a gateway to the promising synthesis of peptides boasting over 100 amino acids, culminating in the successful production of an eclectic range of biologically active peptides.	Our bespoke NCA synthesis method stands out, characterized by its brisk synthesis timeline, straightforward operation, economical aspects, and the ability to yield high molecular weight products. The meticulous, step-by-step application of our NCA process has proven effective in orchestrating the synthesis of short-chain peptide fragments.

Other Peptide Chemical Synthesis Technologies

In addition to traditional SPPS and LPPS technologies, our peptide synthesis platform is also equipped with advanced modern synthesis technologies, including:

Microwave-Assisted Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis (MW-SPPS)

MW-SPSS that uses microwave radiation to increase the efficiency of peptide synthesis. This technology improves SPPS synthesis and can synthesize peptides in high yields with low racemization.Our team often uses this method to process various complex peptides, allowing synthesis in a shorter time and higher yields.

Chemoenzymatic Peptide Synthesis (CEPS)

CEPS is a hydrolase-catalyzed stereoselective formation of peptide bonds. Compared to traditional chemical synthesis with harsh reaction conditions, it is a clean and mild procedure without the need for complex and laborious protection-deprotection procedures. The technology is capable of processing long and complex peptides and is the simplest way to synthesize long peptides in active conformations without the need for recombinant production.

Our team has extensive experience in processing long-sequence peptides and cyclic peptides using advanced CEPS technology and can synthesize peptides up to 160-200 amino acids in length.

Our Workflow for Peptide Chemical Synthesis

Design a synthesis scheme based on the peptide sequence and select the appropriate amino acid-protecting group.
Use SPPS and LPPS methods to synthesize peptides. SPPS is to fix the first amino acid on a solid phase carrier, then add the next amino acid one by one and react. LPPS dissolves the amino acid in a solvent and gradually reacts to form a peptide.
Prepare an activator and remove the amino acid-protecting group.
Repeat the steps of peptide bond formation and protecting group removal until a complete peptide molecule is synthesized.
Purify and analyze the synthesized peptide, such as reversed-phase chromatography (RP-HPLC / RP-UPLC), etc.

Peptide Manufacturing & Analytical Services

In addition to peptide synthesis capabilities, CD Formulation combines flexible GMP manufacturing facilities with cutting-edge peptide analytical knowledge to provide a full range of quality control testing services to accelerate the commercialization of your products, including:

Peptide identification (ESI-MS).
Peptide Molecular weight determination.
Peptide sequencing.
Peptide quantification/peptide content determination.
Peptide purity and impurity analysis (HPLC/UV).
Amino acid sequence.
Amino acid composition determination.
Net peptide content.

Enantiomeric purity testing (GC/MS; LC).
Residual counterion testing (e.g. TFA).
Elemental analysis.
Residual solvent testing.
Water content testing (GC or KF).
Peptide solubility testing.
Peptide stability testing.

Optical rotation determination.
Bioburden testing(TAMC/TYMC).
Bacterial endotoxin testing.
Sterility testing.
Cytotoxicity testing.
Process/product related impurity testing.
Other pharmacopoeia testing.

Publication

Published Data

Technology: Chemoselective Solution- and Solid-Phase Synthesis

Journal: J Org Chem.

IF: 3.3

Published: 2022

Results:

The authors describe a simple chemoselective method for preparing disulfide-linked glycopeptides. Glycosylation was performed by reacting acetate-protected glycosylsulfinylhydrazides with the thiol groups of cysteine residues within the peptide, and the efficiency of this glycosylation methodology with unprotected carbohydrates was also tested. The results show that the glycosylation reaction is simple and can easily obtain disulfide-linked glycopeptides in very high yields.

Fig. 2 Disulfide-linked-glycosylation of peptides. Fig. 2 Solid-Phase Disulfide-Linked-Glycosylation of Peptides. (Banisalman KAF, et al., 2022)

CD Formulation has extensive experience in peptide chemical synthesis. Each synthesis step is subject to our strict quality control. Please don't hesitate to contact us if you are interested in our services. We look forward to cooperating with you.

References

Chandrudu S, Simerska P, Toth I. Chemical methods for peptide and protein production. Molecules. 2013 Apr 12;18(4):4373-88.
Fields GB. Introduction to peptide synthesis. Curr Protoc Protein Sci. 2002 Feb;Chapter 18:18.1.1-18.1.9.
Banisalman KAF, Polykandritou A, Barnieh FM, et al. Chemoselective Solution-and Solid-Phase Synthesis of Disulfide-Linked Glycopeptides. J Org Chem. 2022 Nov 4;87(21):14026-14036.

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STEP 2

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STEP 3

Execute the project with real-time communication, and deliver the final report promptly.

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