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Linear Peptide Synthesis

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Linear peptides are a class of short chains of amino acids that have a simple synthesis process that typically involves using chemical methods to create peptides (short chains of amino acids). With decades of hands-on experience in peptide synthesis and research, CD Formulation has developed specific skills and expertise that enable it to produce Linear Peptides of superior quality. Our broad range of synthetic strategies, coupled with our deep expertise, enables us to consistently meet our customers' expectations in delivering specialized peptides on time and on budget.

What are Linear Peptides?

Linear peptides are peptides without cyclic structures and can be directly applied in research and treatment. Such peptides consist of a straight-chain sequence of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, without any branches or cyclic structures. Peptides are short chains of amino acids, usually containing 2 to 50 amino acids, and they can play a variety of functions in biological processes, including acting as hormones, neurotransmitters, and signaling molecules. Linear peptides have a primary structure defined by a specific order of amino acids, which determines their chemical properties and biological activity. They can be synthesized in the laboratory or produced by ribosomes in living organisms. Compared to linear peptides, other types of peptides may have complex structures, such as cyclic peptides that form rings or branched peptides with more complex structures.

Fig. 1 Synthesis scheme for linear peptides.Fig. 1 General synthesis scheme for linear and cyclic peptides. (Williams TM, et al., 2018)

Explore Our Custom Linear Peptide Synthesis Services

At CD Formulation, our team of peptide synthesis experts has the expertise and specific skills to design and synthesize high-quality linear peptides for a variety of applications based on your needs.

Our scientists are familiar with a variety of synthesis techniques, including solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), liquid-phase peptide synthesis (LPPS), and chemo-enzymatic peptide synthesis (CEPS), allowing us to select the most appropriate technology to support each individual peptide synthesis project. At the same time, we strictly follow quality control standards to ensure that we provide you with high-purity, low-impurity peptide products.

Our linear peptide synthesis services include but are not limited to the following:

  • Linear peptide sequence design: You can provide specific amino acid sequences or modifications, such as D-amino acids, and non-canonical amino acids.
  • Length: Synthesis services can typically accommodate peptides ranging in length from a few amino acids to longer chains, typically up to 50 amino acids or more.
  • Purification: Post-synthesis purification methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or ion exchange chromatography ensure high purity levels.
  • Characterization: Methods such as mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are used to confirm the identity and structure of the peptide.
  • Deliver the product:
  • Ordinary linear peptides: within 2-30 amino acids, quickly synthesized in 2 weeks, with a purity of more than 99%.
  • Complex linear peptides: long peptides with a chain length of up to 200 amino acids and hydrophobic peptides that are difficult to dissolve and purify, with a success rate of more than 90%.

Our Synthesis Methods for Linear Peptide

Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS)

The most widely used method for synthesizing linear peptides. The method involves attaching the C-terminal amino acid to a solid resin and extending the peptide chain by adding one amino acid at a time in a sequential manner.

Liquid-Phase Peptide Synthesis (LPPS)

The method involves the use of solution-phase chemistry for peptide assembly. Generally less common than SPPS but can be beneficial for synthesizing longer linear peptides or when specific modifications are needed.

Click Chemistry

A modular and bioorthogonal approach that allows for the rapid and selective coupling of amino acids or peptide fragments. It is useful for synthesizing complex peptides or conjugating peptides to other biomolecules.

Native Chemical Ligation

A method for synthesizing linear peptides that allows for joining two fragments with a native peptide bond. It involves a cysteine and an N-terminal fragment containing a thioester, enabling the formation of longer peptides through ligation reactions.

Applications of Linear Peptide

  • For studies related to protein function, cell signaling, and molecular interactions.
  • Development of peptide-based drugs, vaccines, and biomaterials.
  • Creation of peptide antigens for antibody production and immunoassays.

Peptide Manufacturing & Analytical Services

In addition to peptide synthesis capabilities, CD Formulation combines flexible GMP manufacturing facilities with cutting-edge peptide analytical knowledge to provide a full range of quality control testing services to accelerate the commercialization of your products, including:

  • Peptide identification (ESI-MS).
  • Peptide Molecular weight determination.
  • Peptide sequencing.
  • Peptide quantification/peptide content determination.
  • Peptide purity and impurity analysis (HPLC/UV).
  • Amino acid sequence.
  • Amino acid composition determination.
  • Net peptide content.
  • Enantiomeric purity testing (GC/MS; LC).
  • Residual counterion testing (e.g. TFA).
  • Elemental analysis.
  • Residual solvent testing.
  • Water content testing (GC or KF).
  • Peptide solubility testing.
  • Peptide stability testing.
  • Optical rotation determination.
  • Bioburden testing(TAMC/TYMC).
  • Bacterial endotoxin testing.
  • Sterility testing.
  • Cytotoxicity testing.
  • Process/product related impurity testing.
  • Other pharmacopoeia testing.

Publication

Published Data

Technology: Linear Peptide Synthesis and Modification

Journal: Chem Biol Drug Des.

IF: 2.396

Published: 2018

Results:

The authors designed a series of linear peptides with high specificity for the extracellular domain of EGFR whose protein overexpression is associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). ALL linear peptides were synthesized using solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and Fmoc chemistry. Additional lysine residues were introduced on the linear peptides to facilitate labeling of the peptides with fluorescent dyes. These lysine residues were also converted to azide groups in the linear peptide sequence, facilitating subsequent "click" conjugation. The figure below shows the possible conformations that a linear peptide can adopt in the EGFR binding pocket.

Fig. 2 The linear peptide in its binding pocket on EGFR.Fig. 2 Possible conformations acquired by the linear peptide L1-LARLLT in its binding pocket on EGFR. (Williams TM, et al., 2018)

CD Formulation's linear peptide synthesis services are tailored to meet the specific needs of researchers and organizations seeking high-quality peptides for drug discovery, vaccine development, diagnostics, and other scientific endeavors. Please don't hesitate to contact us if you are interested in our services. We look forward to cooperating with you.

References

  1. Williams TM, Sable R, Singh S, et al. Peptide ligands for targeting the extracellular domain of EGFR: Comparison between linear and cyclic peptides. Chem Biol Drug Des. 2018 Feb;91(2):605-619.
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